information processing

Information processing is an information processing theory that summarizes information processing by comparing the brain to a computer. It imitates the process of input - processing - output of a computer. It receives information through the senses, processes the information through the brain, processes the information, and outputs it through actions and sounds.

memory

Memory is information stored in the brain. Because we have memory, we can perceive the past, present, and future, and analyze and understand how past memories affect present outcomes. Without memory, we would live a life that only responds to stimuli right now. Memories go through three stages. Input, which focuses on necessary stimuli and stores them in memory; storage, which retains information for a period of time; and retrieval, which recalls stored information for use. Depending on how it is stored and used, it is divided into sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory.

The multi-repository model, developed by psychologists Richard Atkinson and Richard Shiffrin, is widely known for how memory works. This model introduced the concept of short-term memory and long-term memory. Each step is distinguished by how long it retains information. It first gathers external information through the sensory organs and retains it in sensory memory for a short time. Then, we selectively store the information we need to pay attention to in our short-term memory and recite it briefly to retain it a little longer than our sensory memory. When information is necessary but too large to be processed in short-term memory, it is transferred to long-term memory.

sensory memory

Sensory memory is the storage of external information that we receive using our bodies. When we consciously notice a stimulus, we convert it into short-term memory. Various organs, such as the eyes, nose, mouth, ears, and skin, send sensory signals to the brain. Among them, the brain selects the information to focus on according to the context in which we need to focus now. As this memory is affected by the functioning of the body's organs, the ability to remember declines with age. Sensory memory is the first step in all information processing.

Sensory memory is different from the memory we usually know. In other words, it means that the stimulus is stopped and the information remains. Among the remaining information, when the brain thinks, "Hmm... I need to focus on this," that memory is converted into short-term memory. It is mainly divided into visual, auditory and tactile memory.  

• visual memory: It only lasts less than 1 second. Views that interest you move into short-term memory, but you quickly forget things you don't care about. (Visual integration method and Sperling's full report method and partial report method) It has the capacity to accurately contain the information received, but it is short in duration and has a high probability of remembering what it saw for the first time.
• auditory memory: Remember longer than visual information. We tend to remember the first and last information. Also, the difference in tone of speech makes it easier to process memories.
• Tactile Memory: Similar to visual memory, it is remembered briefly, about 2 seconds. Information held on sensitive skin is better remembered. When experiencing multiple tactile sensations, we remember the first sensation better.

Short Term Memory Short Term Memory

Your short-term memory tells you what you're perceiving right now. It uses the various information collected by the sensory organs to quickly digest information. Compared to sensory memory, it lasts longer but has less processing capacity. If information is not repeatedly reviewed, it is quickly forgotten. Short-term memory selects the information to focus on rather than unnecessarily gathering all the information as a step toward solving a problem you are addressing right now. The brain then processes the information into a form that can be remembered. At this time, there is a strong tendency to remember information in auditory rather than visual language. It then repeats the sensory information to remember things. This is called a demonstration, and the same stimulus is repeated on its own before the stimulus disappears.

The capacity of short-term memory was measured as remembering about 7+-2 chunks, which are meaningful units of information, but follow-up studies found an average capacity of 3-4. Forgetting in short-term memory is the process of slowly fading away because information that is no longer needed is replaced by necessary information or is not presented.

Working memory refers to the process of actively handling information rather than short-term memory, which stores information. In working memory, because information needs to be manipulated, it is stored as code in a form that the brain can handle. Alan Baddeley proposed a model consisting of four components: central management, phoneme repetition, spatiotemporal drawing, and anecdotal archiving. These elements do not interfere with each other.

In phonological repetition, the collected sound information is encoded into a meaningful sound and stored for a short period of about 1.5 to 2 seconds. If you do not recite it at this time, the information will disappear within 2 seconds. Visual language such as sign language can also be converted into sound information and stored. Space-time pictures store visual and spatial information. Temporary archiving of anecdotes plays a role in conveying that memories are not perceived as fragmentary events, but rather as sequences that occur continuously. Central management collects sound language, spatiotemporal language, and brief anecdotal information to decide where to focus and make decisions. It does not store the information.

long term memory

Long-term memory is a way of storing information for a long time. Its capacity is almost infinite and it consists of a complex network. Neurons connect to each other to form connections called synapses. If the connection is weak, the information can disappear quickly, and if the connection is strong, it can be remembered for a long time. It is broadly divided into explicit memory and implicit memory.

Explicit memory is memory that can be recalled in a conscious state and is divided into semantic memory and episodic memory. Knowledge and known facts are included in explicit memory. Semantic memory refers to remembering the information itself about pure real events that have nothing to do with the environment and situation at the time. Episodic memory, on the other hand, is a synthesis of contextual information about the environment and situations. Of this information, memories about oneself are called autobiographical memories.

Implicit memory is information that can be recalled automatically without being conscious. It is divided into procedural memory and emotional memory. Procedural memory refers to knowledge that can be easily executed and expressed by remembering the process or knowledge of performing a specific action. For example, knowledge such as how to ride a bicycle. It is learned primarily through repetition. Emotional memory refers to the retention of strong emotions expressed in various ways, although one does not consciously try to remember them. Emotional memories are often triggered by other types of memories.